METO 434: AIR POLLUTION

Homework Set #2

Due: March 1, 2007

 

NAME:____________________________________________

  1. (2 points) Vertical mixing in the atmosphere can improve air quality.

a) Plot with Excell, or on suitable graph paper and in ink, the temperature of a parcel of air moving from 0 to 5 km altitude if the temperature changes according to the dry adiabatic lapse rate, g o, and the surface temperature is -10, 0, +10, and 20 C. In other words construct a primitive atmospheric thermodynamic diagram. (You may also use your Pseudo-Adiabatic Diagram.)

b) Plot, on same graph, the observed lapse rates from the following balloon temperature soundings:

                                                               

Altitude (km)

Monday (oC)

Tuesday (oC)        

Wednesday (oC)

0             

10.3        

3             

-5.8

0.1          

9.4          

2.1          

-4.9

1.0          

-0.2         

-6.8         

-15.0

1.1          

-1.1         

-6.0         

-14.1

2.0          

-10.5       

-17.1       

-20.2

2.1          

-11.2       

-17.0       

-20.7

3.0          

-22.9       

-27.2       

-25.3

4.0          

-32.8       

-37.0       

-36.0

c) Identify the observed lapse rates and indicate where the atmosphere is stable, neutral, or unstable with respect to vertical motions.

d) For a constant source of local pollution located at the surface, which day is likely to have the worst air quality? Why?

 

2. (1 point) If the mean surface temperature of the Earth changed from 288 to 295 K, how much would the total black body energy and the wavelength of maximum emission change?

 

3. (3 points) The oxidation of SO2 to SO3 and ultimately to H2SO4 is important in acid rain formation. For the following reaction calculate the equilibrium constant at room temperature and find the temperature at which the equilibrium constant is unity. Assume enthalpy and entropy are independent of temperature. Note that the appropriate "units" for the concentrations used in a gas-phase equilibrium constant are partial pressure in atm.

2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3

D Hf o (SO2) = -70.96                         

D Gf o (SO2) = -71.79 kcal/mole

D Hf o (SO3) = -94.45                         

D Gf o (SO3) = -88.75 kcal/mole

 

4. (3 points) To produce smog, NO must be converted to NO2 . What is the initial rate of production of NO2, d[NO2]/dt, in ppm/min for the following reaction at the two initial NO mixing ratios given? Assume STP and the usual molecular oxygen mixing ratio of air, that is 20%. Look at the functional relationship of NO in the rate equation, and explain why this reaction is considered important only for concentrated exhaust gases, and not for the free troposphere?

2NO + O 2 -> 2 NO 2

k = 3.3x10-39 exp (530/T) cm6 molecules-2 s-1

[NO]i = 200 ppm; 200 ppb

Hint: At STP there are 2.7E19 molecules cm-3 of air. Also see Finlayson-Pitts & Pitts Ch. 7 for help. You can change either the units of the concentrations or the rate constant.